Abstract
A robust and sensitive analytical method is developed to quantitatively determine tetracyclines and sulfonamides, two major antibiotic classes, in sewage sludge. The antibiotic agents, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, dioxycycline, chlorotetracycline, sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole, were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with citric acid at pH 3 and methanol (1:1 v/v). Clean-up of the extracts was performed by solid phase extraction (SPE) with hydrophilic–lipophilic balance cartridges. Identification and quantification of the compounds is by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. High recoveries ranging from 90.4 to 99.9% for sulfonamides and 96.2 to 100.9% for the tetracyclines are obtained. Method detection limits (MDLs) range from 0.6 to 4.2ng/g for sulfonamides and 3.2 to 13ng/g for tetracyclines. After validation, the method is applied to the analysis of sludges collected from different WWTPs in Spain.
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