Abstract
A mono-segmented sequential injection lab-at-valve (SI-LAV) system for the determination of albumin, glucose, and creatinine, three key biomarkers in diabetes screening and diagnosis, was developed as a single system for multi-analyte analysis. The mono-segmentation technique was employed for in-line dilution, in-line single-standard calibration, and in-line standard addition. This made adjustments to the sample preparation step easy unlike the batch-wise method. The results showed that the system could be used for both fast reaction (albumin) and slow reaction (glucose with enzymatic reaction and creatinine). In the case of slow reaction, the analysis time could be shortened by using the reaction rate obtained with the SI-LAV system. This proposed system is for cost-effective and downscaling analysis, which would be applicable for small hospitals and clinics in remote places with a small number of samples but relatively fast screening would be needed.
Highlights
The determination of biomarkers in clinical samples is essential for screening for diagnosis and/or medical treatment for many diseases
Chemical reactions used in the sequential injection lab-at-valve (SI-LAV) system involve the ion association of protein with tetra-bromophenolphthalein ethyl ester (TBPE) for albumin determination [15,16], an enzymatic reaction with p-anisidine as chromogenic reagent for glucose determination [16], and Jaffé reaction for creatinine determination [17,18,19]
The detection reaction for albumin determination is based on the ion association of protein with tetra-bromophenolphthalein ethyl ester (TBPE) in the presence of Triton X-100 at pH 3.2 to form a blue product [15,16]
Summary
The determination of biomarkers in clinical samples is essential for screening for diagnosis and/or medical treatment for many diseases. Molecules 2020, 25, 1666 eliminating dispersion and dilution effects from the carrier stream A simple, cost-effective SI-LAV system with mono-segmentation operation was proposed for downscaling chemical analysis, with the aim of developing a fully automated single system for the assays of the three biomarkers (albumin, glucose, and creatinine) for screening purposes in a small hospital or a clinic. Chemical reactions used in the SI-LAV system involve the ion association of protein with tetra-bromophenolphthalein ethyl ester (TBPE) for albumin determination [15,16], an enzymatic reaction with p-anisidine as chromogenic reagent for glucose determination [16], and Jaffé reaction for creatinine determination [17,18,19]
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