Determination of aconitum alkaloids in acute poisoning case by electromembrane extraction

Abstract

In this work, electromembrane extraction (EME) was used for the first time to separate aconitine (AC), mesaconitine (Mes-AC) and hypaconitine (Hyp-AC) from biological samples and Chinese herbal medicines. Efficient EME of polar and high molecular weight aconitine alkaloids from different sample matrices was achieved with the solvent of 1-ethyl-2-nitrobenzene (ENB). Under the optimal EME conditions, EME provided recoveries for all targets in the range of 72%–74 %, 85%–103 % and 92%–94 % for whole blood, urine and aqueous samples. The proposed EME systems combined with LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV were evaluated using different sample matrices, and the methods displayed satisfactory analytical characteristic including negligible matrix effect. The LOD and LOQ of AC, Mes-AC, and Hyp-AC by EME-LC-MS/MS were in the range of 0.002–0.068 ng/mL and 0.005–0.228 ng/mL respectively. The LOD and LOQ of AC, Mes-AC, and Hyp-AC by EME-HPLC-UV were in the range of 0.06–0.26 μg/mL and 0.20–0.86 μg/mL, respectively. The coefficient of determination, R2-value was ≥0.9926 for all cases, and the accuracy in the linear ranges was in the range of 91%–111 %. Finally, the method was successfully applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of AC and Mes-AC in the whole blood and herbal medicine dreg samples from an actual forensic case, and poisoning by aconitum alkaloids was identified as the cause of death. Therefore, we believe that EME could be a powerful tool to identify poisoning, and EME has great potential for efficient separation of polar and high molecular weight substances. These are of great importance in the fields of but not limited to forensic science, Traditional Chinese Medicine and clinics.