Determination of a Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Reference Ranges in Japanese Adults Using Fully Automated Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

BackgroundDespite an increasing interest in vitamin D status, a reference range of the nutrient has not been fully established. This is partly due to a paucity of standardized measuring systems with high throughput. In addition, the range may vary by populations and may change with modernization of lifestyles. ObjectivesThis study aims to calculate the current reference concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) among healthy people living in an urban area in Japan. MethodsA newly developed fully automated liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system was used to measure serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Reproducibility was assessed by measuring standardized samples. Accuracy was validated by comparing with commercially available immunoassays. Then, mass screening was conducted targeting participants who received medical checkups in Tokyo from April 2019 to March 2020, and the reference ranges were calculated. ResultsThe coefficients of variations of interoperator and interday reproducibility were 4.1%–8.5% and 3.7%–8.0% for 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25(OH)D2) and 4.7%–7.0% and 4.0%–6.9% for 25-hydroxyvitamine D3, respectively. The measured total 25(OH)D concentrations correlated well with those measured by immunoassays. In total, 5518 participants were measured for 25(OH)D concentrations, among whom 98% showed inadequate concentrations (<30 ng/mL). The reference ranges of total 25(OH)D for female, male, and total participants were 7–30 ng/mL, 5–27 ng/mL, and 6–29 ng/mL, respectively. After excluding those with abnormal renal and liver function, the range was 6–30 ng/mL. ConclusionsThe high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency among seemingly healthy population may be attributed to lifestyle characteristics of people living in urban areas of Japan, including spending less time outdoors and lower intake of traditional foods. Longitudinal follow-up and mass screenings targeting different population will help elucidate reasons for discrepancies between official guidelines and the observed concentrations, to which the well-validated measurement system is essential.