Abstract
ABSTRACTThis paper presents a problem framework and its solution method to determine the cooperative operation plan of controllable generators (CGs) and batteries in microgrids. In the problem formulation, the authors emphasize the operational penalty of microgrids’ operation, and then provide additional alternatives for microgrid operators. Specifically, the supply-demand balancing constraint is relaxed and integrated into the objective function as a penalty term. Here, the penalty means the amount of electricity trading with the main power grid. The objective function is designed as to minimize the total operation costs which consist of the sum of the operation costs of microgrid and the extra cost for compensating the imbalance. Moreover, the optimal operation plan is determined by an enumeration-based binary particle swarm optimization algorithm (enumeration-based BPSO). In the results of simulations, it is confirmed that the batteries perform the load shifting and reduce reserve shortfalls together w...
Highlights
Microgrid is expected to be one of the most sustainable power grids with few adverse effects on main power grid
T is the set of target period; NG is the set of generator number; NB is the set of partial battery number; ui;t is the on/off state variable of controllable generators (CGs) (0: off, 1: on), which is an element of vector ut and u; gi;t is the output of CGs, which is an element of vector gt and g; pt is PV outputs of renewable energy-based generation units (REGs); Dt is the load demand; SCi is the start-up cost of CGs; VIO is the penalty factor; Ai, Biand Ci are fuel cost coefficients; bj;t is the output power of partial batteries j and an element of vector bt and b
When we focus on the CGs operation, ðu; gÞ, the UCELD problem can be classified into two types by the characteristics of microgrid components and the setting of time interval
Summary
Microgrid is expected to be one of the most sustainable power grids with few adverse effects on main power grid. Since renewable energy-based generation units (REGs), whose outputs are strongly dependent on the weather conditions, have taken a significant portion of power supply in the microgrid, it becomes difficult to make an appropriate supply-demand balancing plan and introduces challenges in maintaining the power reliability and stability This may cause an increase in operating costs for committing costly generating units. In the authors’ proposal, the supply and demand balancing constraint is relaxed and added it as a part of objective function because the microgrids can trade with the main power grid when the power imbalance occurs In this case, an extra cost (penalty) is required to eliminate the imbalanced power. These two cases are compared for verifying the validity of the authors’ proposal
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