Determination and evaluation of cadmium, lead and nickel in greenhouse soils of Almerı́a (Spain)

Abstract

This study determines total levels of three (Cd, Pb and Ni) potentially toxic trace elements in western Almerı́a (Spain) greenhouse surface soil horizons using microwave digestion; it establishes the geochemical baseline concentration, and it investigates possible relationships between soil properties and elemental concentrations. The results show that the soil concentration of these heavy metals is lower than mentioned in the European and Spanish normative, but they are higher than those reported by other authors working on agricultural soils. The obtained geochemical baseline concentrations (mg kg −1) were: Cd 0.4–0.8, Pb 2.5–89.9 and Ni 16.1–30.7. Using the upper baseline criterion, 88% of greenhouse soils have relatively higher content of heavy metals because of their Cd, Pb and Ni concentration. Moreover, soil properties are related to heavy metals contents suggesting that among Cd, Pb and Ni have a similar origin and those total metal concentrations are controlled primarily by soil compositions.