Determinants of mechanical efficiency trajectories from childhood to adolescence: Findings from the QUALITY cohort

Abstract

PurposeTo estimate the shape and number of mechanical efficiency (ME) trajectories from childhood to adolescence; and verify whether ME trajectory membership can be predicted by sex, biological maturation, body weight, body composition and physical activity (PA) in childhood. MethodsData from QUALITY, an ongoing cohort study on the natural history of obesity, were used. Participants attended a baseline visit (8–10 years, n = 630) and follow-up visits two years (n = 564), and seven years (n = 377) later. ME was assessed by an incremental cycling test at 50w (ME50w, %) and at VO2peak (MEVO2peak, %). Group-based trajectory analysis for ME and a logistic regression were performed. ResultsMean age of the 454 participants (boys = 54%) was 9.7 ± 0.9 years at baseline. Two distinct ME50w trajectories were identified and all tended to decrease. No distinct trajectories emerged for MEVO2peak; average MEVO2peak increased over time. Thus, the difference between MEVO2peak (∆) at baseline and follow-up was calculated for correlation analysis. Trajectory groups were labeled “Low-Decreaser” and “High-Decreaser” (Reference) for ME50w, describing the starting point and slope. High-Decreasers were mostly prepubertal girls, had lower body weight and fat free mass index, lower PA and lower VO2peak at baseline (χ2or t-test, p < 0.05). Girls were less likely to be Low-Decreasers (OR = 0.56, 95%CI = 0.42–0.74), while having overweight/obesity predicted a greater likelihood of classification in the Low-Decreaser trajectory (OR = 2.38, 95%CI = 1.16–4.88). Those with higher PA were more likely to be Low-Decreasers (OR = 1.02, 95%CI = 1.01–1.04). Finally, concerning MEVO2peak, sex, biological maturation, body weight, zBMI, fat free mass index, PA and VO2peak were positively correlated with ∆ MEVO2peak. ConclusionsWe found evidence that excess weight at baseline predicts low levels of ME in childhood and adolescence. Additionally, higher PA at baseline is not related to higher ME50w levels. More research is needed to identify different approaches to explore this measure in transition to adulthood.