Abstract
BackgroundBreast cancer has become one of the most common causes of mortality among Indonesian women. Many women in Indonesia present with late-stage breast cancer, negatively affecting prognosis and treatment outcomes. Better prognosis of breast cancer will be achieved if it is diagnosed in an earlier stage, thus efforts to detect breast cancer earlier are important. Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is considered as an important first step to encourage women to actively be responsible for their own health, especially for women in low-and middle-income countries with limited resources and access to other forms of preventive healthcare (e.g., screening programs). The present study aimed to predict BSE practice among women in Surabaya, Indonesia using the Health Belief Model (HBM).MethodsThis investigation was a cross-sectional survey which was distributed among 1967 women aged 20–60 years. The Indonesian version of Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale (I-CHBMS) was used to explain self-reported BSE practice. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association of HBM variables with BSE practice.Results44.4% of the respondents indicated they had performed BSE. Further, the results indicated that the HBM variables were significantly associated with BSE practice. Specifically, higher perceived benefits and self-efficacy, lower perceived barriers and less cues to action were unique correlates of BSE practice. The result also showed that perceived severity and susceptibility were not associated with BSE practice.ConclusionThis study indicated that several HBM constructs significantly associated with BSE practice among Indonesian women, suggesting that BSE health education programs should emphasize the perceived benefits of BSE, focus on increasing women’s self-efficacy to address and overcome perceived barriers in performing BSE, and help them in identifying personally relevant cues to action.
Highlights
Breast cancer has become one of the most common causes of mortality among Indonesian women
Early cancer detection programs are important in Indonesia; even though early detection would not decrease the incidence of breast cancer, it would help improve the prognosis and treatment outcomes, which could reduce mortality rates [7], while reducing the cost of treatments
The results showed that the Health Belief Model (HBM) variables were significantly associated with Breast Self-Examination (BSE) practice (χ2 (6) = 485.92, p = .0001) and accounted for 29.3% of the variance of BSE practice
Summary
Breast cancer has become one of the most common causes of mortality among Indonesian women. Many women in Indonesia present with late-stage breast cancer, negatively affecting prognosis and treatment outcomes. Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is considered as an important first step to encourage women to actively be responsible for their own health, especially for women in low-and middle-income countries with limited resources and access to other forms of preventive healthcare (e.g., screening programs). Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer, especially in low-and middle- income countries [1]. Early cancer detection programs are important in Indonesia; even though early detection would not decrease the incidence of breast cancer, it would help improve the prognosis and treatment outcomes, which could reduce mortality rates [7], while reducing the cost of treatments
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