Abstract
Background and objectives: Studies on osteoporosis risk factors are limited in Malaysia, so this study assesses the factors associated with bone health assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) among Malaysians aged ≥40 years. Subjects and Methods: Data on demography, medical history, dietary and lifestyle practices of 786 Malaysians (51.4% women) aged ≥40 years recruited in Klang Valley were obtained. Their body composition and bone health were determined using DXA. The association between risk factors and bone health status was assessed using binary logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of suboptimal bone health and osteoporosis was higher in women (59.4% and 16.1%) than men (40.8% and 8.4%). Overall, the predictors of suboptimal bone health and osteoporosis among the subjects were increased age and higher fat mass. Lower monthly income was positively associated with osteoporosis. Being menopausal was a risk factor for both suboptimal bone health and osteoporosis in women. Women with no formal education were more likely to get osteoporosis. Being a smoker and Chinese were positively related to suboptimal bone health among men. Meanwhile, predictors of osteoporosis among men were regular alcohol and dairy product consumption, higher fat mass and having a tertiary education. Conclusions: This study calls for immediate and effective interventions for middle-aged and elderly populations with risk factors to halt the progression of bone loss.
Highlights
Osteoporosis is a progressive metabolic bone disease marked by loss of bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue which leaves the skeleton vulnerable to fracture [1,2].Osteoporosis is asymptomatic until a fracture occurs, and the resulting complications pose significant burdens on the society and patients [3]
The current study revealed that increased age (OR: 1.044, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.022–1.066, p ≤ 0.001) and fat mass (OR: 1.000228, 95% CI: 1.000090–1.000366, p = 0.001) positively predicted suboptimal bone health among the subjects
The current study showed that osteoporosis can occur in populations without major secondary risk factors of bone loss
Summary
Osteoporosis is a progressive metabolic bone disease marked by loss of bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue which leaves the skeleton vulnerable to fracture [1,2].Osteoporosis is asymptomatic until a fracture occurs, and the resulting complications pose significant burdens on the society and patients [3]. Studies on osteoporosis risk factors are limited in Malaysia, so this study assesses the factors associated with bone health assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) among Malaysians aged ≥40 years. Subjects and Methods: Data on demography, medical history, dietary and lifestyle practices of 786 Malaysians (51.4% women) aged ≥40 years recruited in Klang Valley were obtained. Their body composition and bone health were determined using DXA. Results: The prevalence of suboptimal bone health and osteoporosis was higher in women (59.4% and 16.1%) than men (40.8% and 8.4%). The predictors of suboptimal bone health and osteoporosis among the subjects were increased age and higher fat mass. Conclusions: This study calls for immediate and effective interventions for middle-aged and elderly populations with risk factors to halt the progression of bone loss
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