Abstract
PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the determinants of bone health in the group of women over 40 years old. Lifestyle factors such as past and present physical activity, past and present sun exposure, current dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D, nutritional status as measured by BMI, family history of osteoporosis and current hormonal status were analysed.MethodsThe study involved 500 women over 40 years old. All examined women was the same ethnicity- European origin. Methods used: densitometry method (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, nutrition questionnaire, past and present sun exposure questionnaire. Past and present physical activity, past and present sun exposure and sufficient level of calcium in the diet proved to be the most important factors determining mineralization of bone tissue of women. In order to indicate an independent association of the correct bone tissue mineralization with individual factors, multivariate analysis was used—logistic regression.ResultsThe norm BMD in the distal part of the forearm was strongly influenced: recommended dietary calcium intake (OR = 5.95; p = 0.003), moderately (OR = 1.88; p = 0.053) and high (OR = 14.0; p<0.001) past physical activity, sufficient (OR = 4.97; p<0.001) and high (OR = 18.9; p = 0.004) level of present physical activity, sufficient past (OR = 5.15; p<0.001) and sufficient present sun exposure (OR = 10.0; p<0.001).The chance for the BMD prox norm was also increased several times: high past physical activity (OR = 68.4; p<0.0001) and sufficient past sun exposure (OR = 10.6; p<0.001), moderate past activity (OR = 4.20; p<0.001), sufficient (OR = 6.13; p<0.001) and high (OR = 10.0; p<0.001) present physical activity, sufficient present sun exposure (OR = 9.09; p<0.0001), recommended intake of calcium (OR = 9.57; p<0.001) and vitamin D (OR = 2.68; p = 0.052). Whereas e significantly lower likelihood for the BMD prox norm was found in women with the oldest hormonal status (postmenopausal period) (OR = 0.18; p<0.001), with osteoporosis in the family (OR = 0.37; p<0.001) and living in an agglomeration (OR = 0.68; p = 0.03).ConclusionInterventions to increase physical activity, especially outdoors, may help reduce risk of osteoporosis, fractures and subsequent healthcare costs.
Highlights
Low bone mineral density is the strongest risk factor for osteoporosis and related fractures
The physiological condition, age, body weight, body height, fat-free mass and hormonal status in women are critical to bone parameters [6,7,8], Several cross-sectional studies have shown that bone mineral density is strongly affected by genetics [9]
The highest and strongly significant odds ratio for BMD prox norm was determined by high past physical activity (OR = 68.4; p
Summary
Low bone mineral density is the strongest risk factor for osteoporosis and related fractures. Low peak bone mass and low bone mineral density in relation to age and gender are increasingly common in the population of young women and men [1, 2]. In addition to genetic determinants [3], other bone health determinants whose effects and interactions still need to be explored include lifestyles and general health status. The physiological condition, age, body weight, body height, fat-free mass and hormonal status in women are critical to bone parameters [6,7,8], Several cross-sectional studies have shown that bone mineral density is strongly affected by genetics [9]. A stronger tendency to intensive osteoporosis was demonstrated in women coming from families with a history of this disease [10]. I.e. the additive effect of genes and their polymorphisms is estimated at 50–80% of the variability of bone mass and bone structure [12]
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