Detection of Zika Virus by the Development of a Colloidal Gold Nanoparticle-Based Immunosensor

Abstract

Zika fever is commonly perceived as a mild illness; however, often is linked to congenital Zika syndrome in newborns and Guillain–Barré syndrome in adults. The etiological agent, Zika virus, is a globally distributed arbovirus, frequently prevalent in tropical and humid climates. Conventional laboratory identification relies on real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a standard method requiring specialized infrastructure and technical training. To address these challenges, this research introduces the development of a nano immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), for Zika virus biorecognition, assessed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The study further identifies signals associated with specific functional groups of viral envelopes. Ultra-high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrates the biorecognition of viral particles. Given the morphological, biochemical, and immunogenic resemblance between Zika and dengue viruses, this nano immunosensor is proficient in detecting dengue virus as well. Moving to the analysis phase, FTIR signals obtained after nano immunosensor–virus interaction were processed by principal component analysis (PCA). This achieved adequate discrimination between both viruses in key spectral regions: phospholipids, esters, and glycerides (1755–1726 cm−1), proteins (1683–1500 cm−1, 1328–1275 cm−1), and carbohydrates (1134–993 cm−1). These results underscore the utility of the AuNP-based nano immunosensor for identifying and discriminating between Zika and dengue viruses, offering a viable alternative in the diagnosis of these pathogenic agents.