Abstract
Uyo is one of the fastest-growing cities in Nigeria. In recent years, there has been a widespread change in land use, yet to date, there is no thorough mapping of vegetation change across the area. This study focuses on land use change, urban development, and the driving forces behind natural vegetation loss in Uyo. Based on time series Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)/Operational Land Imager (OLI) image data, the relationships between urban land development and its influencing factors from 1985 to 2018 were analyzed using remote sensing (RS) and time series data. The results show eight land use cover classes. Three of these (forest, swamp vegetation, and mixed vegetation) are related to natural vegetation, and three (sparse built-up, dense built-up, and borrow pit) are direct consequences of urban infrastructure development changes to the landscape. Swamp vegetation, mixed vegetation, and forest are the most affected land use classes. Thus, the rapid growth of infrastructure and industrial centers and the rural and urban mobility of labor have resulted in an increased growth of built-up land. Additionally, the growth pattern of built-up land in Uyo corresponds with socioeconomic interviews conducted in the area. Land use changes in Uyo could be attributed to changes in economic structure, urbanization through infrastructure development, and population growth. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) analysis shows a trend of decreasing vegetation in Uyo, which suggests that changes in economic structure represent a key driver of vegetation loss. Furthermore, the implementation of scientific and national policies by government agencies directed at reducing the effects of urbanization growth should be strengthened, in order to calm the disagreement between urban developers and environmental managers and promote sustainable land use.
Highlights
Land use change is a key component of research in environmental change and management worldwide [1,2,3]
It was possible to perform a robust classification showing a differentiated pattern of land cover change and temporal changes
The results show significant land cover change in the mixed vegetation and forest areas
Summary
Land use change is a key component of research in environmental change and management worldwide [1,2,3]. The most common change is the replacement of soil and vegetation with urban features such as concrete, asphalt, and buildings [4] This affects the albedo and runoff characteristics of the land layers and the environment, significantly affecting local and regional land–atmosphere energy exchange processes [4]. It is important to detect urban development in order to understand urban dynamics, ecology, and climatology, and to manage resources and services in urban environments [5,6,7] In this context, urban ecologists try to understand how context changes the shape of urban systems, as they both drive and respond to environmental changes [8]
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