Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and chitosan nanoparticles (CTSNPs) were anchored on a screen-printed electrode to fabricate a multi-walled structure for the detection of quinoline. The surface morphology of the nanocomposites and the modified electrode was examined by an ultra-high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to confirm the presence of specific functional groups on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes MWCNTs. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) were used to monitor the layer-by-layer assembly of ultra-thin films of nanocomposites on the surface of the electrode and other electrochemical characterizations. Under optimized conditions, the novel sensor displayed outstanding electrochemical reactivity towards the electro-oxidation of quinoline. The linear range was fixed between 0.0004 and 1.0 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.75 nM. The fabricated electrode exhibited high stability with excellent sensitivity and selectivity, specifically attributable to the salient characteristics of AuNPs, CTSNPs, and MWCNTs and the synergistic inter-relationship between them. The newly developed electrode was tested in the field. The Ipa increased with an increase in the amount of quinoline solution added, and the peak potential deviated minimally, depicting the real capability of the newly fabricated electrode.
Highlights
Ganoderma boninense (G. boninense) is a necrotroph well-entrenched in oil palm plantations worldwide [1,2,3]
The morphological structures of Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and AuNPs-activated MWCNTs (aMWCNTs) composites were observed with the aid of field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), as displayed in Figure 2a,b, respectively
The tubes are not shortened on activation, the spaces are closed up to an extent and the surface of pristine-MWCNT is uneven after activation [33] as a result of the attachment of carboxylic (–COOH) functional groups to the surface
Summary
Ganoderma boninense (G. boninense) is a necrotroph well-entrenched in oil palm plantations worldwide [1,2,3]. Southeast Asian countries, Malaysia and Indonesia, are reported to have struggled with the economic impact of G. boninense on oil palm since 1928 [4] due to the lack of an effective method of detection at the onset of infection. This lethal fungus is referred to as white rot fungus because it reacts with lignin, a shield against microbial attack in the oil palms, to produce white coloured cellulose further powering the fungus. The biodegradation of lignin is a secondary metabolic reaction, which indicates the disease pathway [5].
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