Abstract
This study aims at classifying land use land cover (LULC) patterns and detect changes in a 'secondary city' (Savar Upazila) in Bangladesh for 30 years i.e., from 1990 to 2020. Two distinct sets of Landsat satellite imagery, such as Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 1990 and Landsat 7 ETM+ 2020, were collected from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) website. Using ArcMap 10.3, the maximum likelihood algorithm was used to perform a supervised classification methodology. The error matrix and Kappa Kat were done to measure the mapping accuracy. Both images were classified into six separate classes: Cropland, Barren land, Built-up area, Vegetation, Waterbody, and Wetlands. From 1990 to 2020, Cropland, Barren land, Waterbody, and Wetlands have been decreased by 30.63%, 11.26%, 23.54%, and 21.89%, respectively. At the same time, the Built-up area and Vegetation have been increased by 161.16% and 5.77%, respectively. The research revealed that unplanned urbanization had been practiced in the secondary city indicated by the decreases in Cropland, Barren land, Wetland, and Waterbody, which also showed direct threats to food security and freshwater scarcity. An increase in Vegetation (mostly homestead vegetation) indicates some environment awareness programs that encourage people to maintain homestead and artificial gardens. The study argues for the sustainable planning of a secondary city for a developing country's future development.
Highlights
The GlobalizationIn the modern world, the telecommunications and global economic freedom have changed the landscape of people’s movements across the borders and world regions (Arnett, 2002)
Their characteristics are described as below: Below poverty line: In lowland districts, 62.92% respondents were below poverty line (BPL) category, whereas 74.58% were in BPL category in upland belt
Binary logistic model results: Out of the total of ten (10) explanatory variables included into the model, seven (7) were found to determine the renewable energy adoption decision of sample households (Table 4)
Summary
The GlobalizationIn the modern world, the telecommunications and global economic freedom have changed the landscape of people’s movements across the borders and world regions (Arnett, 2002). Plant breeders across several research institutes are relentlessly engaged in developing new rice varieties, which primarily focus on yield improvement. Though with a ‘push’ extension mechanism those varieties are adopted by farmers, to some extent, in a short run, but not accepted in the long run Because of this very reason, those newly developed varieties soon become redundant in the seed system of the state and farmers hardly get the varieties of their choice. This scenario inefficiently utilizes resources at breeding program and jeopardizes state’s ambition to attain food security through varietal replacement. This is more relevant in context of Odisha where participation of farmers in plant breeding program is largely negligible
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