Abstract
IntroductionDisease eradication requires a long time and efficient management as compared to disease control program. After successful small pox eradication, polio virus causing poliomyelitis is choice for next eradication. The corner stone of the global polio eradication initiative is the immunization of children with multiple doses of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) through both Routine Immunization (RI) and Supplemental Immunization Activities (SIAs). This informed our design of this prospective study. Objective is to determine levels of Immunoglobulin G antibodies produced in HIV infected children aged (one to ten years) vaccinated with Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.MethodsOne hundred and eighty-two children infected with HIV who had received Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) at least four times had their blood samples collected and assayed for the presence of Polio Specific IgG antibodies using IgG ELISA test kit (DEMEDITEC Diagnostic GmbH, Germany). Three millilitre (3ml) of venous blood samples were collected aseptically by venepuncture. Sera obtained were assayed using Enzyme immunoassay detection and quantitative determination of human IgG antibodies against poliomyelitis virus in serum and plasma (Demeditic Poliomyelitis Virus IgG ELISA DEPOL01-Germany).ResultsThe result showed that 95.6% (174/182) of the tested children had detectable IgG antibodies against polio virus. The high proportion of 95.6% recorded in this study indicates HIV infected children responded effectively to the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) being used in the ongoing polio eradication initiative. In this study, 4.4% (8/182) of the HIV infected children were not producing detectable amount of antibodies that could protect them from exposure to wild type of polio virus.ConclusionThis study shows that HIV infected children had detectable antibodies (Immunoglobulin G) against polio virus. Despite the overall progress recorded in the fight against poliomyelitis in Nigeria, a lot needs to be done to further strengthen the fight against poliomyelitis in Nigeria.
Highlights
After successful small pox eradication, polio virus causing poliomyelitis became the focus for eradication [1,2]
In May 1988, the 41st World Health Assembly adopted a resolution to globally eradicate polio by the year 2000 which led to the launching of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), a public-private partnership led by the World Health Organization (WHO), Rotary International, the U.S Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the United Nation International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
The proportion of HIV infected children aged 1 to 10 years who developed Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to polio virus following vaccination from the two clinics tested showed that APIN/Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) had positive prevalence of 96.7%, while FAITH ALIVE clinic had 94.5%
Summary
After successful small pox eradication, polio virus causing poliomyelitis became the focus for eradication [1,2]. Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease that mainly affects children under five years of age. It invades the nervous system and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours. The Bill and Melinda Gates foundation have supported this initiative generously with massive funding [6] With this initiative and concerted effort, through the use of immunization with polio vaccine, the world has witnessed a remarkable reduction in paralytic poliomyelitis cases from 350,000 in more than 125 countries in 1988 to 247 cases in 10 countries as at October 2014 [7]. The worldwide sustained use of polio vaccine since 1988 has led to a reduction in the number of cases of poliomyelitis by more than 99% globally
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