Abstract
In the Chacaltaya hybrid experiment we have shown that the observed characteristics of the events accompanying atmospheric families (a bundle of high energy particles in the air-shower core) can not be well described by current simulations. The atmospheric families detected so far by emulsion chambers (sandwiches of X-ray films and lead plates) are key ingredients in the analysis. But the number of analyzed events with atmospheric family is still small due to the limited size of the experiment. Now a new very large hybrid experiment “PAMIR-XXI” is proposed to be constructed at the Pamirs. The notable feature of the experiment is to construct large hadron calorimeters at the center of air-shower arrays to study the air-shower core in detail. We study the possibility to analyze high energy air-shower cores in the “Pamir-XXI” experiment by using the burst density of scintillation detectors instead of using the family data of emulsion chambers. It is shown that the unusual characteristics of the events observed by the Chacaltaya hybrid experiment can be well seen in the hybrid experiment “PAMIR-XXI” too.
Highlights
In the Chacaltaya hybrid experiment[1,2,3] we have studied in detail high-energy air-shower cores by observing three components in the air-showers, i.e., air-shower size, burstsize and accompanied family energy
We have shown that the characteristics of the observed events, in the energy region of primary particles E0 = 1015 ∼ 1017 eV, can not be fully explained by changing the chemical composition of primary particles, though many experimental groups claim that the fraction of heavy primaries increases rapidly beyond the “knee” and that the change of the chemical composition of primary cosmic-rays is an origin of the “knee” and well explain the observed characteristics of the air-showers[4,5,6,7]
Each block of the emulsion chamber consists of 30 lead plates each of 0.5 cm thickness and 14 sensitive layers of X-ray film which are inserted after every 1 cm lead
Summary
In the Chacaltaya hybrid experiment[1,2,3] we have studied in detail high-energy air-shower cores by observing three components in the air-showers, i.e., air-shower size, burstsize (hadron-component) and accompanied family energy (high energy e, γ -component). The experimental data detected by the Chacaltaya hybrid experiment are converted into “experimental data” expected to be detected in the “PAMIR-XXI” experiment through detailed detector simulations of both experiments and the characteristics of the “expected experimental data” are compared with those of simulated data of airshower cores
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