Abstract
We propose a novel iterative thresholding approach based on firefly and particle swarm optimization to be used for the detection of hemorrhages, one of the signs of diabetic retinopathy disease. This approach consists of the enhancement of the image using basic preprocessing methods, the segmentation of vessels with the help of Gabor and Top-hat transformation for the removal of the vessels from the image, the determination of the number of regions with hemorrhages and pixel counts in these regions using firefly algorithm (FFA) and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSOA)-based iterative thresholding, and the detection of hemorrhages with the help of a support vector machine (SVM) and linear regression (LR)-based classifier. In the preprocessing step, color space selection, brightness and contrast adjustment, and adaptive histogram equalization are applied to enhance retinal images, respectively. In the step of segmentation, blood vessels are detected by using Gabor and Top-hat transformations and are removed from the image to avoid confusion with hemorrhagic regions in the retinal image. In the iterative thresholding step, the number of hemorrhagic regions and pixel counts in these regions are determined by using an iterative thresholding approach that generates different thresholding values with the FFA/PSOA. In the classification step, the hemorrhagic regions and pixel counts obtained by the iterative thresholding are used as inputs in the LR/SVM-based classifier. PSOA-based iterative thresholding and the SVM classifier achieved 96.7 % sensitivity, 91.4 % specificity, and 94.1 % accuracy for hemorrhage detection. Finally, the experiments show that the correct classification rates and time performances of the PSOA-based iterative thresholding algorithm are better than those of the FFA in hemorrhage detection. In addition, the proposed approach can be used as a diagnostic decision support system for detecting hemorrhages with high success rate.
Highlights
Diabetes-induced diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness and reduction in visual acuity worldwide [1]
We focused on the detection of hemorrhages, which are a crucial step in DR disease
The total hemorrhagic pixel counts and hemorrhagic region counts were obtained by applying color space selection, brightness-contrast adjustment, adaptive histogram equalization, Gabor transformation, Top-hat transformation, and firefly algorithm (FFA)/particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSOA)-based iterative thresholding, respectively, in the retinal images, and those were used as inputs in the linear regression (LR)-based and support vector machine (SVM)-based classifiers for the detection of DR disease
Summary
Diabetes-induced diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness and reduction in visual acuity worldwide [1]. There are many factors effective in DR, the most significant factor is the advanced glycation end-products caused by increased blood glucose. This deterioration of the blood vessel walls leads to bubbles, obstructions, and leaks in the blood vessels, as well. It is very important to monitor these diseases periodically without the need for surgical intervention for retinal vascular circulation. In this regard, the datasets obtained by retinal examination are indicative of systemic involvement of diabetes. Other symptoms of DR are soft exudate, hard exudate, and neovascularization [5]
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