Abstract
Aim:The aim was to detect the glmM gene of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in cow’s milk from different dairy farms in Khartoum State using Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Materials and Methods:A total of 50 milk samples were collected from different dairy farms in Khartoum State (13 from Khartoum, 24 Khartoum North, and 13 from Omdurman Provinces).Results:The generated results showed that 11/50 (22%) were harboring the investigated H. pylori glmM gene in Khartoum State (1/13 [7.7%] Khartoum, 9/24 [37.5%] Khartoum North, and 1/13 [7.7%] Omdurman provinces, respectively).Conclusion:To the best of our knowledge, this was the first report on the detection of H. pylori glmM gene in cattle milk in Khartoum State. Nonetheless, the high percentages of H. pylori DNA detection in milk opened new avenues toward exploring the risk of human infection with H. pylori through the consumption of raw milk.
Highlights
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection constitutes a public health concern in developed and developing countries [1,2], since it was associated with chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and gastric adenocarcinoma in humans, as well as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma [3,4,5,6]
The positive samples were distributed in the State as follows; Khartoum 1/13 (7.7%), Khartoum North 9/24 (37.5%), and 1/13 (7.7%) Omdurman, respectively (Figure-1)
These positive biopsies were used as positive controls in Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of H. pylori glmM gene
Summary
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection constitutes a public health concern in developed and developing countries [1,2], since it was associated with chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and gastric adenocarcinoma in humans, as well as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma [3,4,5,6]. In the year 1994, the International Agency for Research on Cancer of WHO classified H. pylori as a Type I, or definite carcinogen to humans and reconfirmed this classification in 2009 [7]. Cow’s milk is usually consumed as human food, especially by children. One of the suggested theories is the transmission of H. pylori through milk from animals to human beings. Some epidemiologic studies have reported the presence and survival of H. pylori in raw and pasteurized milk and milk products of cow, sheep, and goat directly or artificially inoculated was investigated either using Nested or semi-Nested PCR or by culturing methods or by the two techniques together [8,9,10,11,12].
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