Abstract
Eutrophication is an increase of organic material caused by the increase of nutrients in aquatic ecosystem by human activities. One effect of eutrophication is Harmful Algae Blooms (HABs) that are very harmful to the environment and humans. The Purpose of this study were determine spatial distribution of nutrient based on total nitrogen (total N) and total phosphate (total P), ratio of total N, and trophic level in Bay Benoa. Nutrient measurements were using spectrophotometric method. The Spatial distribution of total N and P show a generally pattern concentration increases in waters near the mainland. The highest concentrations of total N and P were found in Loloan River estuary closed to the floating net cages (FNC). Ratio of total N showed generally that the waters in Benoa Bay were dominated by Nitrate. High ammonia concentration was found in all rivers and Loloan River estuary. Benoa Bay is mostly in Oligotrophic conditions based on total N, while eutrophic conditions were only found in the Loloan River estuary. Based on total P, Benoa Bay was generally in hypertrophic level.
Highlights
Eutrophication is one of the problems in the world, especially in developing countries (Yang et al, 2008)
Some diseases caused by Harmful Algae Blooms (HABs) such as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), and ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) (Anderson et al, 2008)
The highest concentrations of total nitrogen (total N) and P were found in Loloan River estuary closed to the floating net cages (FNC)
Summary
Eutrophication is one of the problems in the world, especially in developing countries (Yang et al, 2008). Eutrophication is an increasing of organic material caused by the addition of nutrients in an aquatic ecosystem by human activities (Nixon, 1995). Human activities such as urbanization, industrialization, waste disposal, aquaculture and intensive agriculture are activities that accelerate nutrient concentration in waters (Anderson et al, 2002; Liu and Qiu, 2007; Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008). HABs is an increase in the abundance of phytoplankton (algae) in aquatic ecosystems that can cause death due to toxicity or anoxia conditions in water (GEOHAB, 2001). HABs cause of humans death (Wardianto et al, 2004). According to Widiarti and Pratiwi (2003), several cases of poisoning from consuming shells infected by HABs have occurred in Lewotobi and Lewouran (East Nusa Tenggara), Sebatik Island (East Borneo), Makassar Waters and Ambon Bay
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