Detection of estrogenic activity in municipal wastewater effluent using primary cell cultures from three-spined stickleback and chemical analysis

Abstract

Environmental estrogens are substances that imitate the effects of endogenous estrogens. Effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants are known to contain substances with estrogenic activity including steroidal estrogens and xenoestrogens. In the current study, a combination of biological and chemical analysis was applied to determine the estrogenic activity in municipal wastewater effluents in Finland. The male three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus) hepatocyte assay with vitellogenin induction as an endpoint was used for the detection of estrogenic activity in solid phase extracts of wastewater effluents, and 17β-estradiol (E2) as a positive control. The wastewater extracts and E2 were found to induce vitellogenin production. The extracts were also subjected to chromatographic fractionation and the collected fractions were assayed. The only active fraction was the one in which E2, estrone and ethynylestradiol were eluted. Its activity corresponded to the activity of the original wastewater extract. The LC–MS/MS analyses of the wastewater extracts showed that the concentration of estrone was about 65 ng L −1, the concentration of E2 was less than 1 ng L −1, while estriol and 17α-ethynylestradiol could not be detected. These findings showed that the activity of the wastewater extracts and the chromatographic fraction was much higher than the activity which could have been expected on the base of the chemical analysis. This strongly indicates that other compounds, possibly acting by additivity or synergism, are playing a major role in the induced vitellogenin production by the hepatocytes.