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Abstract
Aim:The aims of this study were first to estimate calcification in the esophagus and abomasum of cows and second to quantify its appearance with increasing age using histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques.Materials and Methods:Esophageal and abomasal samples from 24 healthy cows (Bos taurus) were collected. Hematoxylin and eosin, alizarin red, and von Kossa stains were used for histopathological analysis. Histopathological changes were confirmed with immunohistochemical staining, followed by digital image analysis.Results:Histological findings revealed the esophagus and abomasum wall comprised four fundamental layers, the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa or adventitia. At 1 year old, calcification was beginning to appear as fine diffused points in mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis of both esophagus and abomasum, appearing as small spots at 2 years old. With advancing age in all animals, this calcification began to appear as medium spots spread throughout all wall layers of these organs at 3 years old. By 4 years old, calcification had evolved into large dark foci spread substantially throughout the tunica submucosa and tunica muscularis. Immunohistochemical results exhibited positive immunoreaction to calcium salts in the esophagus and abomasum layers in all animals, which increased with age.Conclusion:The current study concluded that calcification is a pathological event appearing spontaneously in various types of soft tissue, significantly increasing with age, either because of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia or secondary to other diseases.
Highlights
Beef and dairy cattle are the main production branches which make up the economic sector of animal husbandry
Immunohistochemical results exhibited positive immunoreaction to calcium salts in the esophagus and abomasum layers in all animals, which increased with age
The current study concluded that calcification is a pathological event appearing spontaneously in various types of soft tissue, significantly increasing with age, either because of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia or secondary to other diseases
Summary
Beef and dairy cattle are the main production branches which make up the economic sector of animal husbandry. The previous studies exist surrounding beef and dairy cattle and their role in helping the development of animal agriculture in the field [1]. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is one of the heaviest and largest organ systems of most animals. In cows, it comprises the oral cavity, esophagus, forestomachs, abomasum (upper GIT), and the intestines, rectum, and anus (lower GIT). It comprises the oral cavity, esophagus, forestomachs, abomasum (upper GIT), and the intestines, rectum, and anus (lower GIT) In healthy cattle, these organs occupy more than half of the abdominal cavity and a small space in the peritoneal cavity [2]. Upper and lower GIT disorders in adult ruminants can result from a variety of causes, the most common being inflammatory, dietary, and mechanical reasons [3]
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