Abstract
The microbial quality of two groundwater sources (well and borehole) and associated risks were quantitatively assessed. Water samples from the selected borehole and well were collected over a period of 12 weeks (n = 48). The concentrations of Escherichia coli, faecal coliforms, Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium and Campylobacter were determined using standard microbiological methods, which involve the use of a membrane filter technique. The water samples were filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane filter using vacuum pump pressure and plated on selective agar for the bacteria under test. The number of colonies of the bacterial growth observed after the incubation period was counted and recorded. The physicochemical properties of the water were determined using standard methods. The risk of Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridium and Campylobacter infections resulting from the ingestion of water from the borehole and well was estimated. The results showed that the levels of enteric bacteria in the borehole were higher than those in the well. The mean levels of E. coli in water from the borehole and well were 3.3 and 1.7 log10 cfu/100 ml, respectively, and exhibited a negative relationship with salinity (r = -0.53). The estimated risks of infection associated with the pathogens in water from the borehole and well were greater than the acceptable risk limit of 10-4 and followed this order Clostridium < Salmonella < Campylobacter < Shigella. The findings of this study suggest recent and continuous faecal contamination of the two groundwater sources, thus exposing the residents relying on the water for drinking to potential risks of gastrointestinal infections.
Highlights
Groundwater is present in the underground layer of the Earth’s crust and constitutes about 37% of the Earth’s nonocean water (Trenberth et al )
Bifidobacterium had the highest concentration in water from the borehole, whereas Clostridium had the highest concentration in water from the well
Salmonella and Clostridium had the least concentrations in water from the borehole, whereas E. coli had the least concentration in water from the well (Figure 2)
Summary
Groundwater is present in the underground layer of the Earth’s crust and constitutes about 37% of the Earth’s nonocean water (Trenberth et al ). Water from groundwater sources represents approximately 50% of drinking water in the world, because it is usually less exposed to contamination, pathogen penetration and evaporation, making it more stable and suitable for supply when compared with surface waters (Zektser & Everett ). Human consumption of contaminated water from groundwater sources may result in an outbreak of infectious diseases that may lead to morbidity and mortality (Hunter et al ; Ukpong & Okon ). It is estimated that 1.8 million people die every year from enteric diseases and that about 1000 children under 5 years in low- and middleincome countries die every month as a result of gastroenteritis or diarrhoea. Olusa et al ( ) reported that water sources in Ibulesoro community in Akure were heavily polluted and unsafe for human use
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