Detection of Central Pulmonary Artery Thromboemboli by Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients with Severe Pulmonary Embolism

Abstract

Transthoracic echocardiography generally provides only indirect signs of pulmonary embolism. In contrast, with transesophageal echocardiography the thromboembolus itself can be visualized in the central parts of the pulmonary artery. The aims of our study were to evaluate, first, the incidence of central pulmonary artery thromboemboli in patients with severe pulmonary embolism, and second, the accuracy of the echocardiographic diagnosis. Our study group comprised 60 patients with proved severe pulmonary embolism. All patients were examined by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. The echocardiographic findings concerning the absence or presence of central pulmonary artery thromboemboli were compared with the results of different reference methods. Central pulmonary thromboemboli were found in 35 patients (58.3%) by echocardiography. Two types of thrombus were differentiated. Type A is a long, highly mobile thrombus, and type B is an immobile wall-adherent thrombus. In comparison with the reference methods, we determined a sensitivity of 96.7% and a specificity of 88% for the echocardiographic detection of central pulmonary artery thromboemboli in patients with severe pulmonary embolism. Transesophageal echocardiography seems to be a useful method for the diagnosis of severe pulmonary embolism. In our series, central pulmonary artery thromboemboli were present in more than half of the patients. In these cases, transesophageal echocardiography can clarify the diagnosis within a few minutes without further invasive diagnostic procedures.