Abstract
BackgroundMalaria is a serious public health problem in Indonesia, particularly in areas outside Java and Bali. The spread of resistance to the currently available anti-malarial drugs or insecticides used for mosquito control would cause an increase in malaria transmission. To better understand patterns of transmission and resistance in Indonesia, an integrated mosquito survey was conducted in three areas with different malaria endemicities, Purworejo in Central Java, South Lampung District in Sumatera and South Halmahera District in North Mollucca.MethodsMosquitoes were collected from the three areas through indoor and outdoor human landing catches (HLC) and indoor restinging catches. Specimens were identified morphologically by species and kept individually in 1.5 ml Eppendorf microtube. A fragment of the VGSC gene from 95 mosquito samples was sequenced and kdr allelic variation determined.ResultsThe molecular analysis of these anopheline mosquitoes revealed the existence of the 1014F allele in 4 major malaria vectors from South Lampung. These species include, Anopheles sundaicus, Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles subpictus and Anopheles vagus. The 1014F allele was not found in the other areas.ConclusionThe finding documents the presence of this mutant allele in Indonesia, and implies that selection pressure on the Anopheles population in this area has occurred. Further studies to determine the impact of the resistance allele on the efficacy of pyrethroids in control programmes are needed.
Highlights
Malaria is a serious public health problem in Indonesia, in areas outside Java and Bali
Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale were mostly found in the eastern part of Indonesia Nusa Tenggara Timur and Papua - but in recent years, P. malariae has been detected in western parts of the archipelago as well [1,2]
The present study aims to explore the allelic distribution of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutations among malaria vectors from 3 malaria endemic areas in Indonesia
Summary
Malaria is a serious public health problem in Indonesia, in areas outside Java and Bali. To better understand patterns of transmission and resistance in Indonesia, an integrated mosquito survey was conducted in three areas with different malaria endemicities, Purworejo in Central Java, South Lampung District in Sumatera and South Halmahera District in North Mollucca. The archipelago nation of Indonesia is commonly divided into two regions based on malaria endemicity; Java and Bali, inhabited by approximately 62% of the total Indonesian population, is classified as hypo-endemic area, whereas the more sparsely populated outer islands, including Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Papua, have malaria at much higher levels, ranging from hypo to hyper endemic. In areas outside Java and Bali, the highest annual malaria incidence (AMI) was detected in West Papua Province [3]
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