Detection and phylogeny of viruses in native Albanian olive varieties

Toufic Elbeaino,Pasko Pandeli,Shpend Shahini,Magdalena Cara

doi:10.36253/phyto-11985

Abstract

Forty samples representing 14 native Albanian and two foreign olive varieties were collected from an olive varietal collection plot in the Valias region (Tirana, Albania). The samples were assayed by RT-PCR for presence of olive-infecting viruses, including arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), olive latent ringspot virus (OLRSV), olive latent virus 1 (OLV-1), olive leaf yellowing-associated virus (OLYaV), strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV) and by PCR for the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf). Ninety-eight percent of the samples were infected with at least one virus. OLYaV was the most prevalent (85% of samples), followed by OLV-1 (50%), OLRSV (48%), CMV (28%), SLRSV (3%) and CLRV (5%), whereas ArMV and Xf were absent. Fifty-five percent of the samples were infected with one virus, 13% with two viruses, 20% with three, and 5% with four. Analyses of the nucleotide sequences of the Albanian virus isolates generally showed low genetic variability, and that most were phylogenetically related to Mediterranean isolates, in particular to those from Greece and Italy. Five olive trees, representing three native cultivars (‘Managiel’, ‘Kalinjot’ and ‘Kushan-Preze’) and one foreign (‘Leccino’), were found to be plants of the Conformitas Agraria Communitatis (“CAC”) category i.e. free of ArMV, CLRV, SLRSV and OLYaV. Only one tree of the native cultivar ‘Ulliri i kuq’ was free of all tested viruses, so this is plant material of the “Virus-tested” category. Olives derived from both categories could be used for propagation of standard quality plant materiel in a future certification programme for olive in Albania. This is the first report of CLRV, OLRSV, CMV and OLV-1 in Albania. The study also reveals the precarious health status of native olive varieties in the Valias varietal collection plot. However, the discovery of six plants representing two certifiable categories is a first step in a future olive tree certification program in the country.

Highlights

Olive (Olea europaea) is one of the oldest and most important fruit tree crops in Albania (Belaj et al, 2003)
Cuttings from olive seedlings kept in screenhouses at the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, which were healthy as indicated by Reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were used as negative control samples, and different plants infected with arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), olive latent ringspot virus (OLRSV), olive latent virus 1 (OLV-1), olive leaf yellowing-associated virus (OLYaV) and strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV), were used as positive control samples
The high incidence of OLYaV in the sampled Albanian olive trees was similar to that reported in other countries, including Lebanon (24%), Syria (15%), Tunisia (49%), Italy (42%), and the United States of America (93%) (Saponari et al, 2002; Albanese et al, 2003; Al Abdullah et al, 2005; Fadel et al, 2005; Faggioli et al, 2005; Al Rwahnih et al, 2011; El Air et al, 2011)

Summary

Introduction

Olive (Olea europaea) is one of the oldest and most important fruit tree crops in Albania (Belaj et al, 2003). There are 54,000 ha of olive groves containing approx. 10 million trees in Albania, of which thousands are secular (Ismaili, 2009). The olive growing area in this country extends. Toufic Elbeaino et alii from the northern border of Shkoder to Konispol in the south, penetrating the mainland towards the east, through river valleys, creating a continuum of olive groves (Velo and Topi, 2017). Most olive production in Albania is concentrated in the coastal and mountainous areas (Fier, Berat, Elbasan and Vlora regions) with Mediterranean climatic conditions. In 2018, almost 100,000 tons of olives were produced, an increase of 3.2% compared to previous years, and the olive oil industry produced 6,000 tons of product (Lazemetaj, 2018)

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