Abstract
ObjectiveAn experimental study for testing a simple robust algorithm on data derived from an electromagnetic radiation device that can detect small changes in the tissue/fluid ratio in a realistic head configuration.MethodsChanges in the scattering parameters (S21) of an inductive coil resulting from injections of chicken blood in the 0–18 ml range into calf brain tissue in a human anatomical skull were measured over a 100–1,000 MHz frequency range.ResultsAn algorithm that combines amplitude and phase results was found to detect changes in the tissue/fluid ratio with 90% accuracy. An algorithm that estimated the injected blood volume was found to have a 1–4 ml average error. This demonstrates the possibility of the inductive coil-based device to possess a practical ability to detect a change in the tissue/fluid ratio in the head.SignificanceThis study is an important step towards the goal of building an inexpensive and safe device that can detect an early brain hemorrhagic stroke.
Highlights
The chance of having a hemorrhagic stroke is between 0.01% and 0.03% of the worldwide population (Qureshi, Mendelow & Hanley, 2009)
When a symptomatic patient is brought to a hospital, the hemorrhage can be detected by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), or Doppler Ultrasound (Huisman, 2005)
We examined the performance of the detection algorithm (Oziel, Korenstein & Rubinsky, 2020) in this geometric and tissue configuration, which resembles more closely the clinical situation with respect to: (a) the sensitivity to small changes in the tissue/fluid volume ratio; (b) the effect of accumulated location of bleeding; (c) the difference between the response to blood injection into a balloon, which simulates the accumulation of blood in one place in the brain, in comparison to direct injection of blood into the brain tissue, such as occurs in an intraventricular hemorrhage
Summary
The chance of having a hemorrhagic stroke is between 0.01% and 0.03% of the worldwide population (Qureshi, Mendelow & Hanley, 2009). Studies have shown that the volume of bleeding in the brain increases within the first 3 h of a stroke for 73% of patients (Davis et al, 2006; Brott et al, 1997) where an increase in bleeding volume is closely linked to lower chances of recovery from the stroke (Davis et al, 2006; Dowlatshahi, 2011). When a symptomatic patient is brought to a hospital, the hemorrhage can be detected by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), or Doppler Ultrasound (Huisman, 2005). These imaging technologies are accurate and supply the relevant information needed for diagnostics.
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