Detection and Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma: Can Mobile Devices Be the Next Step Toward Early Intervention?

Abstract

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a common intraocular cancer in pediatric patients worldwide, and screening is routinely performed throughout the first few years of life. The diagnosis is often made clinically; however, the diagnosis can be delayed due to undetectable leukocoria because of small tumor size at the time of examination, missed appointments, non-compliance with eye examinations, or failure to perform the exam. As mobile devices continue to gain in both popularity and functionality, their use via applications and smartphone attachments for ocular examination introduces a new avenue for screening, detection, and staging of RB both inside and outsidethe clinical setting. Currently, research regarding mobile device use is still in its infancy, and further research is required to determine whether mobile devices could play a significant role in assisting with the diagnosis of RB. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine whether the existing literature supports the use of mobile devices by healthcare providers, specifically ophthalmologists and non-ophthalmologists, as well as by parents for the early detection of RB. A comprehensive literature search was conducted via PubMed, theCumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature(CINAHL), and Web of Science with a total of 10 studies included in the final analysis.