Abstract
Human enteroviruses and human parechoviruses are associated with a broad range of diseases and even severe and fatal conditions. For human cosaviruses, the etiological role is yet unknown. Little is known about the circulation of non-polio enteroviruses, human parechoviruses, and human cosaviruses in Nigeria. A total of 113 stool samples were collected from healthy individuals in Osun State between February 2016 and May 2017. RT-PCR assays targeting the 5′ non-coding region (5′ -NCR) were used to screen for human enteroviruses, human parechoviruses, and human cosaviruses. For human enteroviruses, species-specific RT-PCR assays targeting the VP1 regions were used for molecular typing. Inoculation was carried out on RD-A, CaCo-2, HEp-2C, and L20B cell lines to compare molecular and virological assays. Ten samples tested positive for enterovirus RNA with 11 strains detected, including CV-A13 (n = 3), E-18 (n = 2), CV-A20 (n = 1), CV-A24 (n = 1), EV-C99 (n = 1), and EV-C116 (n = 2). Three samples tested positive for human parechovirus RNA, and full genome sequencing on two samples allowed assignment to a new Parechovirus A type (HPeV-19). Thirty-three samples tested positive for cosavirus with assignment to species Cosavirus D and Cosavirus A based on the 5′-NCR region. Screening of stool samples collected from healthy individuals in Nigeria in 2016 and 2017 revealed a high diversity of circulating human enteroviruses, human parechoviruses, and human cosaviruses. Molecular assays for genotyping showed substantial benefits compared with those of cell-culture assays.
Highlights
Human enteroviruses and human parechoviruses circulate worldwide, and transmission occurs mainly via the faecal-oral route and respiratory route [1,2]
We present the results of stool samples collected from healthy Nigerian individuals during a 16-month period and tested for human enteroviruses, human parechoviruses, and cosaviruses
There is a dearth of information on the prevalence of the non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV)— Enterovirus C—as well as the prevalence of human parechoviruses and the newly described cosaviruses
Summary
Human enteroviruses and human parechoviruses circulate worldwide, and transmission occurs mainly via the faecal-oral route and respiratory route [1,2]. Cosaviruses were first detected in stool samples of patients presenting acute flaccid paralysis and their healthy contacts [4,5] They were detected in patients with diarrhea in the work of da Costa et al [6], but the etiological role of cosaviruses remains unclear to date [7]. The majority of both human enterovirus and parechovirus infections are asymptomatic; several studies have described detection of human enteroviruses and human parechoviruses in healthy individuals, including two reports from Sub-Saharan Africa [8,9]. For enterovirus strains detected by molecular methods, cell culture assays were used
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