Detecting magma-poor orogens in the detrital record

Abstract

Abstract The clastic record is commonly interrogated by analysis of detrital heavy mineral assemblages, with the bulk of modern detrital geochronological studies employing U-Pb dating of detrital zircon. However, the bias of zircon toward felsic igneous sources, and the limited ability of the U-Pb system in zircon to record low- to medium-grade metamorphic events, means that the U-Pb detrital zircon record is largely insensitive to magma-poor orogens. In this study, U-Pb ages were obtained by laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry for apatite and rutile extracted from alluvium of the French Broad River (FBR) in the southern Appalachians (southeastern United States). In contrast to previously published FBR U-Pb zircon data sets, which yield essentially no record of the most recent Appalachian metamorphic events (ca. 320 Ma) associated with assembly of Pangea, the U-Pb detrital rutile and especially the U-Pb apatite systems together provide a complete record of complex polyphase Appalachian orogenesis. It is unexpected that the apatite and rutile U-Pb Appalachian age populations differ significantly, with probable low-temperature breakdown of rutile biasing the rutile data set toward the most recent (Alleghanian) metamorphic event. These data make the FBR one of the most intensely studied river systems globally for multiproxy single-grain U-Pb analysis, clearly demonstrate dependence of provenance information on mineral proxy choice, and emphasize the resolving power of multiproxy provenance studies.