Detectability of the τes−21cm cross-correlation: a tomographic probe of patchy reionization

Abstract

The cross-correlation between fluctuations in the electron scattering optical depth τes as probed by future Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiments, and fluctuations in the 21cm differential brightness temperature Δ T 21cm as probed by ground-based radio interferometers, will trace the reionization history of the Universe. In particular, the τes−21cm cross-correlation should yield a determination of the characteristic bubble size distribution and ionization fraction as a function of redshift. When assuming that the cross-correlation signal is limited by instrumental noise rather than by foregrounds, we estimate its potential detectability by upcoming experiments. Specifically, the combination of HERA and Simons Observatory, CMB-S4 and PICO should yield a signal-to-noise ratio around 3–6, while and the exploitation of the SKA should increase it to 10-20. Finally, we have discussed how such levels of detectability can be affected when (simply modeled) 21cm foregrounds are present. For the most promising PICO×SKA configuration, an efficiency of foreground removal to a level of 7× 10−4 is needed to achieve a 5σ detection of the cross-correlation signal; in addition, safe avoidance of foreground contamination in the line-of-sight Fourier modes above 0.03 h Mpc−1 would guarantee a detection significance around 3σ.