Designing Adiabatic Pulses for Surface NMR

Abstract

Surface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful technique providing non-invasive imaging of groundwater. One challenge with the method is that it commonly suffers from low signal to noise ratios (SNR). Two methods to increase SNR are to either develop noise cancellation approaches to reduce the noise level, or to perform the experiment in a manner capable of increasing the signal amplitude. A recent study adopted the latter approach by employing a novel transmit strategy. An adiabatic pulse was employed and observed to produce significant signal improvements compared to the standard transmit method in surface NMR. The advantage of an adiabatic pulse is that it is capable of producing a uniform excitation in the presence of a heterogeneous magnetic field, which describes exactly the transmit conditions in surface NMR. Given the great potential of adiabatic pulses for surface NMR, we explore several factors related to the design of adiabatic pulses intended for application in surface NMR conditions. We investigate how various adiabatic pulses perform in a heterogeneous magnetic field given the limitation that current instrumentation couples the modulation of the current amplitude during the pulse to the instantaneous transmit frequency. That is, only the duration of the adiabatic sweep, the bandwidth through which the pulse sweeps, and frequency modulation throughout the pulse can be directly controlled. A numerical sensitivity analysis of each of these parameters is performed to gain insight into how to design optimal adiabatic pulses for surface NMR. Additionally, a numerically optimized modulation (NOM) approach is implemented to optimize the frequency sweep. The spatial resolution and depth penetration provided by an example adiabatic pulse is also investigated. A trade off between signal amplitude and spatial resolution is observed to be present when employing adiabatic pulses.