Abstract
The unmet need to develop novel approaches for cancer diagnosis and treatment has led to the evolution of theranostic agents, which usually include, in addition to the anticancer drug, an imaging agent based mostly on fluorescent agents. Over the past few years, a non-invasive photoacoustic imaging modality has been effectively integrated into theranostic agents. Herein, we shed light on the design principles governing the development of theranostic agents with photoacoustic properties, which can be formulated into nanocarriers to enhance their potency. Specifically, we provide an extensive analysis of their individual constituents including the imaging dyes, drugs, linkers, targeting moieties, and their formulation into nanocarriers. Along these lines, we present numerous relevant paradigms. Finally, we discuss the clinical relevance of the specific strategy, as also the limitations and future perspectives, and through this review, we envisage paving the way for the development of theranostic agents endowed with photoacoustic properties as effective anticancer medicines.
Highlights
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutralCancer has been known to mankind for centuries as a major fatal disease, causing millions of deaths worldwide annually [1]
This review focuses mainly on the principles governing the design of theranostic agents that exert their diagnostic functions through photoacoustic imaging
The results showed that cumulation capacity of RhoSSCy in the tumor area was studied by ex the probe accumulated mainly in the tumor and the liver, while there was a weak signal in the rest of the body
Summary
Cancer has been known to mankind for centuries as a major fatal disease, causing millions of deaths worldwide annually [1]. It has been an unmet challenge for the scientific community to comprehend its complex nature and, to establish methods for its detection and effective management. Fundamental to the effective management of cancer is the early diagnosis and clinical detection. Multiple diagnostic modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), computerized tomography (CT), X-ray, and ultrasound (US) are established in clinical practice [3]. The requirement to further understand the pathogenesis of cancer has motivated with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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