Design principles for homogeneous water oxidation catalysts based on first–row transition metals

Abstract

The development of homogeneous first–row transition metal (FRTM) catalysts for the water oxidation reaction is considerably more challenging than for second and third-row catalysts. Given that FRTM catalysts are, in general, more labile, additional design principles must be considered to develop robust and stable catalysts for the water oxidation reaction. In this review, we highlight important design criteria and summarize important lessons learned for FRTM water oxidation catalysts. • The design principles of homogeneous water oxidation catalysts are reviewed. • Additional design criteria that are required for first–row transition metal water oxidation catalysts are considered. • A link is made between operating conditions and catalyst homogeneity. • The utilization of redox-active ligands is discussed.