Abstract

• The standards in constructing S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts have also been suggested. • Four types of S-scheme heterojunctions are analyzed. • A novel theory, i.e. curved Fermi level in S-scheme heterojunction was proposed. Recently, a new opinion was put forward on general design standards for S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst. Four types of S-scheme heterojunctions were analyzed. Specifically, the critical understanding on the curved Fermi level at the interface of S-scheme heterojunction is helpful to strengthen and promote the basic theory of photocatalysis. Design principles, curved Fermi levels and characterization methods for S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts are highlighted.

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