Abstract
PZT ceramics have been widely used in underwater acoustic transducers. However, literature available discussing the design parameters of a miniaturized PZT-based low-duty-cycle transmitter is very limited. This paper discusses some of the design parameters—the backing material, driving voltage, PZT material type, power consumption and the transducer length of a miniaturized acoustic fish tag using a PZT tube. Four different types of PZT were evaluated with respect to the source level, energy consumption and bandwidth of the transducer. The effect of the tube length on the source level is discussed. The results demonstrate that ultralow-density closed-cell foam is the best backing material for the PZT tube. The Navy Type VI PZTs provide the best source level with relatively low energy consumption and that a low transducer capacitance is preferred for high efficiency. A 35% reduction in the transducer length results in 2 dB decrease in source level.
Highlights
The Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) is a nonproprietary underwater acoustic sensing technology package that includes piezoelectric acoustic micro transmitters; autonomous, cabledSensors 2012, 12 or portable receiving hydrophones; and the corresponding data acquisition/processing software [1,2,3].Development of the system was started in 2001 by the U.S Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Portland District
Because the sound waves radiating from these two surfaces are traveling in opposite directions, sound cancellation becomes a concern
An appropriate filler/backing material inside the PZT tube is needed to attenuate the acoustic radiation from the inner surface of the tube [19]
Summary
The Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) is a nonproprietary underwater acoustic sensing technology package that includes piezoelectric acoustic micro transmitters; autonomous, cabledSensors 2012, 12 or portable receiving hydrophones; and the corresponding data acquisition/processing software [1,2,3].Development of the system was started in 2001 by the U.S Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Portland District. The Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) is a nonproprietary underwater acoustic sensing technology package that includes piezoelectric acoustic micro transmitters; autonomous, cabled. The goal was to develop a miniaturized underwater acoustic transmitter small enough to be implanted in juvenile salmon in the Columbia River basin so their migration behavior and survival rates through the Federal Columbia River Power System to the Pacific Ocean could be studied. The latest-generation JSATS micro transmitter is 12 mm in length and weighs 0.43 g in air (Figure 1), small enough for implantation in a 6.5-g fish [3]. To study fish species that are even smaller and make the transmitter needle-injectable, a further downsized micro transmitter is needed to lower the probability of mortal injury to the fish [4]. The JSATS micro transmitter consists of three major components—a lead zirconate titanate (PZT)
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