Abstract
The use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has increased in recent years. Thus, efficient recycling is important. In this study, the Taguchi method was used to find the optimal selective lithium leaching parameters for spent LIB recycling. Orthogonal array, signal-to-noise ratio, and analysis of variance were employed to investigate the optimization of selective lithium leaching. The experimental parameters were heat treatment and leaching conditions. The lithium leaching ratio was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The reaction temperature was analyzed by thermogravimetry differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) using lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) and carbon powder, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed after heat treatment at different temperatures. From the XRD analysis, a Li2CO3 peak was observed at 700 °C. After heat treatment at 850 °C, a peak of Li2O was confirmed as Li2CO3 decomposed into Li2O and CO2 over 723 °C. The Li2O reacts with Co3O4 at a high temperature to form LCO. The phase of lithium in the LIB changes according to the conditional heat treatment, affecting the lithium leaching rates. As heat treatment conditions, N2 atmosphere combined with 700 °C heat treatment is suitable, and the solid–liquid ratio is important as a leaching factor for selective lithium leaching.
Highlights
The use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has increased sharply owing to the popularization of electric vehicles (EVs) and portable devices
The design of experiments (DOE) using the Taguchi method in experiment 3.2 was performed with two individual values in the case of heat treatment atmosphere variables, and three individual values in the case of four variables
The following steps are included in the parameter design of the Taguchi method: (1) selection of characteristic evaluation targets and design parameters to be evaluated; (2) determination of the number of parameters and interactions between the parameters; (3) selection of appropriate orthogonal array (OA) and allocation of parameters; (4) stage of performing experiments based on OA; (5) analysis of experimental results using signal-to-noise (S/N) analysis and Analysis of variance (ANOVA); (6) selection of the optimal design parameter level and verification through experiments
Summary
The use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has increased sharply owing to the popularization of electric vehicles (EVs) and portable devices. In the case of existing processes, one drawback is that the removal of impurities is difficult when Li is recovered from black powder because Li is extracted after recovering other valuable metals (Co, Ni, Mn, etc.) Because of this problem, research on selective Li leaching technology has been conducted, and its overview information is shown in Figure 1 [10]. For effective Li leaching and recovery, this study conducted an experimental design based on the Taguchi method to analyze the effects of selective Li leaching and investigate the optimal conditions. It is possible to establish optimal conditions for the selective lithium leaching
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