Abstract
This study presents a design optimisation (DO) approach for optimal component sizing of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)-battery hybrid energy system (HES) and a controller design approach for DC-bus voltage regulation and load sharing control for the HES so that the proposed HES is capable of replacing the diesel locomotive WDM-3D used to haul intercity passenger trains in India. The DO approach is formulated as a multi-objective optimisation problem with objective functions of simultaneous minimisation of the total cost of HES and total fuel consumption under the operational constraints of battery state-of-charge limit and instantaneous power balance. Two energy management strategies (EMSs) are proposed for instantaneous power balance between the HES and locomotive power demand. The DO problem is solved for a chosen drive cycle using strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm-2-based particle swarm optimisation, in which an EMS is used as a subroutine. The Pareto front obtained with the multi-objective DO problem consists of a set of solutions with different sizes of PEMFC and battery. A MATLAB–Simulink model is developed with the proposed control strategy. The simulation results show that the designed controllers satisfactorily work under the dynamically varying load similar to a locomotive.
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