Abstract
The main objective of this study is to design titanium alloy femoral stems with cubic porous structures that will be able to reduce stress shielding and promote stem stability. These porous structure designs were introduced into titanium alloy femoral stems as homogeneous and functionally graded porous structures. First, the cubic cellular structures were simulated under compressive loading to measure the yield and modulus of elasticity for various porosity ranges. Based on the selected porosity range, fifteen different arrangements of radial geometrical functionally graded (FG) designs were developed with average porosities of 30, 50, and 70% respectively. Finite element models were developed with physiological loads presenting three different walking speeds (1, 3, and 5 km/h), where the average human body weight was assumed. Stresses at the bone Gruen zones were measured to check the percentage of stress transfer to the bone for each porous stem design and were compared with the bulk stem. Several FG stem designs were shortlisted for further investigation as candidates for hip implants.
Highlights
Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis can affect any joint in the body, but they are more common in the hip and knee joints and can be secondary to trauma, avascular necrosis, some metabolic diseases, infection, or alterations of joint morphology, as in hip dysplasia [1] (Deborah, 2012)
Accidents are another factor in the loss of functionality at the hip joint due to fractures, which are treated by total hip arthroplasty (THA)
Stems with 70% average porosity were found to have the best match with the intact
Summary
Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis can affect any joint in the body, but they are more common in the hip and knee joints and can be secondary to trauma, avascular necrosis, some metabolic diseases, infection, or alterations of joint morphology, as in hip dysplasia [1] (Deborah, 2012). There is no curative treatment for hip joints and in severe cases total hip arthroplasty (THA) is the only choice. Accidents are another factor in the loss of functionality at the hip joint due to fractures, which are treated by THA. By 2050, the total number of THAs globally will reach 6.26 million [3]. In the United States, it was estimated that around 498,000 hip replacement procedures will have been performed in 2020, the number increasing to 652,000 by 2030 [4]. For the year 2011, there were a total of 1.63 million hip replacement surgeries carried out in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and in 2017 the average was 2.4 million
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