Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a promising medical imaging technique producing quantitative images of the distribution of tracer materials (superparamagnetic nanoparticles) without interference from the anatomical background of the imaging objects (either phantoms or lab animals). Theoretically, the MPI platform can image with relatively high temporal and spatial resolution and sensitivity. In practice, the quality of the MPI images hinges on both the applied magnetic field and the properties of the tracer nanoparticles. Langevin theory can model the performance of superparamagnetic nanoparticles and predict the crucial influence of nanoparticle core size on the MPI signal. In addition, the core size distribution, anisotropy of the magnetic core and surface modification of the superparamagnetic nanoparticles also determine the spatial resolution and sensitivity of the MPI images. As a result, through rational design of superparamagnetic nanoparticles, the performance of MPI could be effectively optimized. In this review, the performance of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in MPI is investigated. Rational synthesis and modification of superparamagnetic nanoparticles are discussed and summarized. The potential medical application areas for MPI, including cardiovascular system, oncology, stem cell tracking and immune related imaging are also analyzed and forecasted.
Highlights
Over the last decade, medical imaging has been playing an important role in routine clinical practice and become indispensable for the diagnosis of a variety of diseases
The first in vitro study documents that C17.2 neural stem cells (NSCs) and rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) loaded with Resovist and Feridex were detected by Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) [137]
MPI is a newly invented medical imaging technique relying on the nonlinear magnetization curve of superparamagnetic nanoparticle tracer materials
Summary
Medical imaging has been playing an important role in routine clinical practice and become indispensable for the diagnosis of a variety of diseases. MPI maps the distribution of magnetic tracer materials and provides advantages over the present imaging modalities. The diameter, size distribution and surface coating are all important factors determining the biomedical performance of SPIO nanoparticles in MPI. Saritas and coworkers pointed out that the MPI spatial resolution depends on the properties of the tracer material and the external magnetic field. They foresaw that, with improvements of hardware and tailored tracers, MPI will be able to produce images exhibiting sub-mm resolutions and micromolar-level sensitivity within the couple of years [18]. The rational design of SPIO nanoparticles can offer enormous potential to MPI as a powerful medical imaging modality in biomedical areas, such as cardiovascular, oncology and cell labeling [3,18,19]
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