Abstract
The surface conductivity of graphene can be precisely adjusted to approach the sigma-near-zero (SNZ) point by manipulating the quasi-Fermi level via optical pumping. This capability holds great promise for advanced graphene metamaterials-based terahertz (THz) sensors. In this study, we present a rational approach for designing two distinct types of patterned graphene THz sensors, each tailored to specific requirements regarding the quasi-Fermi level, resonance frequency, and Q-factor. The first sensor type operates in transmission mode and is well-suited for analytes with refractive indices ranging from 1 to 2. With a fixed analyte thickness of 40 nm, it achieves a frequency sensitivity of 1.036 THz/RIU, a Q-factor between 230 and 360, and a figure of merit (FOM) ranging from 51/RIU to 74/RIU. The second sensor type operates in reflection mode and is optimized for detecting biomolecules with refractive indices between 1.5 and 1.7. It exhibits a significant frequency shift of approximately 0.16 THz and a reflectance variation as high as 0.941 when the bio-analyte thickness is 100 nm. Numerical simulations of the sensing performances confirm the potential of these designed sensors for applications in detecting thin dielectric films and biosensing.
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