Abstract
Cancer is the top cause of death globally. Developing smart nanomedicines that are capable of diagnosis and therapy (theranostics) in one–nanoparticle systems are highly desirable for improving cancer treatment outcomes. The magnetic nanoplatforms are the ideal system for cancer theranostics, because of their diverse physiochemical properties and biological effects. In particular, a biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticle based magnetic nanoplatform can exhibit multiple magnetic–responsive behaviors under an external magnetic field and realize the integration of diagnosis (magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonic imaging, photoacoustic imaging, etc.) and therapy (magnetic hyperthermia, photothermal therapy, controlled drug delivery and release, etc.) in vivo. Furthermore, due to considerable variation among tumors and individual patients, it is a requirement to design iron oxide nanoplatforms by the coordination of diverse functionalities for efficient and individualized theranostics. In this article, we will present an up–to–date overview on iron oxide nanoplatforms, including both iron oxide nanomaterials and those that can respond to an externally applied magnetic field, with an emphasis on their applications in cancer theranostics.
Highlights
Due to the huge differences between individual patients, a tough question exists in the field of tumor diagnosis and therapy: when and where to apply what kind of treatment for a particular patient? Image–guided therapy, known as theranostics, provides a new solution for this problem
Magnetotheranostics is a kind of advanced medical technology that utilizes the interaction between magnetic nanoplatforms and magnetic fields to realize the integration of therapy and diagnosis on a single nanoparticle
The target cell/molecules can be captured by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs), magnetically separated and detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or more sensitive atomic force microscope (AFM)–based technology [61,62]
Summary
Due to the huge differences between individual patients, a tough question exists in the field of tumor diagnosis and therapy: when and where to apply what kind of treatment for a particular patient? Image–guided therapy, known as theranostics, provides a new solution for this problem. The integration of diagnosis and therapy means that treatment can be carried out under the guidance of images and monitored in real time to achieve precise and personalized medical treatment. Magnetotheranostics is a kind of advanced medical technology that utilizes the interaction between magnetic nanoplatforms and magnetic fields to realize the integration of therapy and diagnosis on a single nanoparticle. As the core of magnetotheranostics nanoplatforms, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) themselves have the ability to achieve diagnosis and therapy. The classic example of MIONs for diagnosis is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent [9].
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