Abstract
The dramatically growing mobile communication industry necessitates the demand for the speedy and error-free connectivity at considerably low cost for the billions of users. This is made possible only through the technological advancements that replace the current 4G wireless systems by 5G. Massive MIMO is the key technology used in 5G that offers spectral efficiency of up to 3 times and throughput of up to 10 times the current 4G. The additional antennas used in massive MIMO systems help in many ways but lack in complexity. Hence, in this paper, we propose two design methodologies to reduce the complexity of massive MIMO systems. The first one is the design of low-complexity hybrid precoder based on Zero-Forcing (ZF) precoding algorithm and Neumann series approximation. The second one is the design of flexible, environment friendly, simple 128-element antenna array at the frequency of 2.4 GHz using inkjet printing technology. The substrate used for printing is the “glossy paper” with dielectric constant of 2.31, and the ink used is silver nanoparticle ink with conductivity of 35,700,000 s/m. The element used for the formation of array is the z-shaped coplanar waveguide (CPW) monopole antenna. The performance of the proposed designs is evaluated in terms of probability of error for the hybrid precoding algorithm and radiation characteristics like gain, directivity, and return loss for the printed antenna design.
Highlights
The future of wireless networks is in the hands of technologies that provide good quality, intense security, and improved reliability
The performance is evaluated for a massive MIMO downlink system with base station (BS) equipped with M = 128 uniform linear antenna array with antenna spacing of d = λ/2 serving K = 8 mobile users
S is transmitted through the channel where it is added with zero mean, unit variance Gaussian noise to obtain y
Summary
The future of wireless networks is in the hands of technologies that provide good quality, intense security, and improved reliability. The large-scale (massive) MIMO is one of the promising technologies that can meet the above performance targets in which a central node (base station) with antennas in the order of 100’s serves multiple users (mobile terminals) with single or small number of antennas [4,5,6,7]. Considering the points discussed above to facilitate the hybrid precoder architecture for massive MIMO system, it is required to divide the antenna elements into subarray modules. It is evident that the rectangular array provides multibeam radiation characteristics with the number of beams almost equal to the number of elements in the subarray.
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