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Abstract
It is a well-established fact that the electrical bio-impedance of a part of the human body can provide valuable information regarding physiological parameters of the human body, if the signal is correctly detected and interpreted. Accord-ingly, an efficient low-cost bio-electrical impedance measuring instrument was developed, implemented, and tested in this study. Primarily, it is based upon the low-cost component-level approach so that it can be easily used by researchers and investigators in the specific domain. The measurement setup of instrument was tested on adult human subjects to obtain the impedance signal of the forearm which is under investigation in this case. However, depending on the illness or activity under examination, the instrument can be used on any other part of the body. The current injected by the instrument is within the safe limits and the gain of the biomedical instrumentation amplifier is highly reasonable. The technique is easy and user-friendly, and it does not necessitate any special training, therefore it can be effectively used to collect bio-impedance data and interpret the findings for medical diagnostics. Moreover, in this paper, several existing methods and associated approaches have been extensively explored, with in-depth coverage of their working principles, implementations, merits, and disadvantages, as well as focused on other technical aspects. Lastly, the paper also deliberates upon the present status, future challenges and scope of various other possible bio-impedance methods and techniques.
Highlights
Extensive research is going on in the field of Bio-Medical Instrumentation
As we know that Intra-Cellular Fluids (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) are made up of ionic solution which is highly conducting in nature, it provides low resistance path to the applied Alternating Current (AC) signal [16]
Plethysmography has become the gold standard for measuring changes in blood volume in any part of the body based on electrical impedance changes [54]
Summary
Extensive research is going on in the field of Bio-Medical Instrumentation. Researchers and investigators in this field are striving hard to find out new ways and methods for diagnosis and measurement of health parameters for the welfare of the mankind. Non-invasive techniques are more suitable than the invasive ones if sufficient accuracy can be achieved using them Whether, it is animal and plant cells or tissues, these are always made up of three-dimensional arrangement of cells and tissues. When biological cells and tissues are subjected to the external electrical stimulus they respond and produces a complex bio-electrical impedance or known as bio-impedance. It has been found that studying complex bio-impedance of biological cell and tissues is a useful method for non-invasive physiological and pathological investigations. As we know that the bio-electrical impedance of a biological cells or tissues is dependent on the signal frequency, multifrequency application may be used for non-invasive diagnostics and medical investigations, so as to determine their physiological or pathological behavior or even properties. The bio-impedance measurement technique proposed in this research paper, is a low-cost, efficient, and effective non-invasive diagnostic technique
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