Abstract
Ice accretion can lead to severe consequences in daily life and sometimes catastrophic events. To mitigate the hazard of icing, passive icephobic surfaces have drawn widespread attentions because of their abilities in repelling incoming water droplets, suppressing ice nucleation and/or lowering ice adhesion strength. As time elapses and temperature lowers sufficiently, ice accretion becomes inevitable, and a realistic roadmap to surface icephobicity for various outdoor anti-icing applications is to live with ice but with the lowest ice adhesion strength. In this review, surfaces with icephobicity are critically categorized into smooth surfaces, textured surfaces, slippery surfaces and sub-surface textured surfaces, and discussed in terms of theoretical limit, current status and perspectives. Particular attention is paid to multiple passive anti-icing strategies combined approaches as proposed on the basis of icephobic surfaces. Correlating the current strategies with one another will promote understanding of the key parameters in lowering ice adhesion strength. Finally, we provide remarks on the rational design of state-of-the-art icephobic surfaces with low ice adhesion strength.
Highlights
Undesired ice accretion on exposed surfaces becomes a severe issue to the safety operation of instruments and facilities, including aircrafts, wind turbines, solar panels, power lines, vehicles, ships and offshore oil platform [1]
superhydrophobic surfaces (SHSs) can lose their water repellency under high vapor pressure, and water droplets on SHSs change from the Cassie–Baxter state to the Wenzel state (Figure 1b,c) where “Wenzel ice” begins to interlock with hierarchical structures below 0 ◦C [12]
We focus on the rational design of passive anti-icing strategies by lowering ice adhesion strength, and the goal of the state-of-the-art icephobic surfaces is to realize ice adhesion strength as lowest as possible
Summary
Undesired ice accretion on exposed surfaces becomes a severe issue to the safety operation of instruments and facilities, including aircrafts, wind turbines, solar panels, power lines, vehicles, ships and offshore oil platform [1]. Factors that influence ice adhesion strength include test method (e.g., horizontal shear, vertical shear, centrifugal shear and tensile strength) [25], test temperature (−30~0 ◦C) [25], characterization instrument [5], procedure of ice formation [25,26,27], type of ice (i.e., precipitation ice, in-cloud ice and bulk water ice) [26], size of ice [28], type of surface (surface chemistry, surface topography, elastic modulus and sub-surface structure) [29], loading rate [30] and failure behavior [25]. Ice adhesion strength of above four types of icephobic surfaces from 162 journal papers has been summarized under the consideration of test method (e.g., horizontal shear, vertical shear, centrifugal shear and tensile strength) and temperature (−30~0 ◦C) (Figure 3). Four types of icephobic surfaces are discussed based on ice adhesion strength in terms of theoretical limitation, current status and perspectives
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