Design of Ga–DOTA-based bifunctional radiopharmaceuticals: Two functional moieties can be conjugated to radiogallium–DOTA without reducing the complex stability

Abstract

From the X-ray crystal structures of Ga–DOTA chelates, we were able to deduce that two free carboxylate groups of the radiogallium–DOTA complex may be utilized for coupling to functional moieties that recognize molecular targets for in vivo imaging without reducing the radiogallium-complex stability. Thus, we designed 2,2′-[4,10-bis(2-{[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1 H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]amino}-2-oxoethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-diyl]diacetic acid (DOTA-MN2) ( 7), employing a metronidazole moiety as the recognition site of hypoxic lesions, based on the drug design concept of bifunctional radiopharmaceuticals. Coupling of DOTA-bis( tert-butyl)ester 5 with 1-(2-aminoethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole dihydrochloride, followed by deprotection, afforded the required 7 (DOTA-MN2). 67Ga-labeling was carried out by reaction of DOTA-MN2 with 67Ga-citrate. When 67Ga–DOTA-MN2 was incubated in phosphate-buffered saline or mouse plasma, no measurable decomposition occurred over a 24-h period. In biodistribution experiments in NFSa tumor-bearing mice, 67Ga–DOTA-MN2 displayed not only a significant tumor uptake, but also rapid blood clearance and low accumulations in nontarget tissues, resulting in high target-to-nontarget ratios of radioactivity. These results indicate the potential benefits of the drug design of 67Ga–DOTA-MN2. The present findings provide helpful information for the development of radiogallium-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT and PET studies.