Design of antimalarial transmission blocking agents: Pharmacophore mapping of ligands active against stage-V mature gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum

Abstract

The discovery of transmission-blocking (T-B) agents is crucial for preventing and complete removal of malaria infection. However, most of the existing antimalarials are only active against the asexual stages of Plasmodium parasite, but ineffective against the sexual stage (gametocytes). In this background, we have developed pharmacophore models against the stage-V mature gametocytes of P. falciparum parasites. The pharmacophore model (Hypo-1) showed five pharmacophoric features namely, one hydrogen bond donor (HBD), one hydrophobic aliphatic (HYAl), one ring aromatic (RA), and two hydrophobic aromatic (HYAr) essential for the anti-gametocytic activity. The amino, methyl, fused phenyl ring of the quinazoline heterocycle, two phenyl rings of biphenyl moiety (HBD, HYAl, HYAr1, HYAr2 and RA) are the crucial features responsible for the non-specific anti-gametocytic activity (PfG). Subsequently, the model (Hypo-2) developed against the stage-V female gametocytes (PffG) showed the contribution of three pharmacophoric features namely, two hydrogen bond acceptor (HYA) and one RA required for the anti-gametocytic activity. The sulfhydryl, imine and pyridyl groups are observed to be essential for anti-gametocytic activity against female gametocytes. Both the models (PfG and PfGG) showed the classification accuracies of 78.26 and 71.64% for training set compounds and 60.80 and 60.18% for the test set compounds, respectively, for classification of compounds into higher and lower active classes. Also, both the models were found to retain the higher active compounds (IC50 <100 nM) in top 1% of total compounds (actives and decoys) as observed after screening the decoy set compounds.Communicated by Ramaswamy H Sarma