Abstract
We have designed and constructed several manipulators for cryogenic samples and soft X-ray and VUV spectra. These manipulators are compatible with ultrahigh vacuum and up to six axis motions – three translational and three angular motions. Three translational and the polar angular motions are implemented with commercial stages. The azimuthal (in the beam direction) and tilting motions are driven with separate gear trains and connected to stepping motors on the top flange (100 CF). The azimuthal angular range is about ±180°, and the tilting range is from 75° to −25°; the resolution is better than 0.1°. The sample position is designed to be situated at the center of the polar and azimuthal rotation axes. The tilting axis is designed with an offset to decrease the spatial interference with the analyzer for photoemission spectra. The sample is attached to the sample holder and transferred to the cryogenic stage via a load-lock system. The sample holder is cooled with a continuous-flow cryostat (Janis ST-400) via flexible copper braids. With liquids helium and nitrogen for the cryostat, the lowest temperature of the sample holder attains 9.15 K and 82.4 K, respectively. During tests, the rate of consumption of liquid helium is less than 0.8 L/h.
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