Abstract
Mycotoxins are a very diverse group of natural products produced as secondary metabolites by fungi. Patulin is produced by mold species normally related to vegetable-based products and fruit, mainly apple. Its ingestion may result in agitation, convulsions, edema, intestinal ulceration, inflammation, vomiting, and even immune, neurological or gastrointestinal disorders. For this reason, the European Commission Regulation (EC) 1881/2006 established a maximum content for patulin of 10 ppb in infant fruit juice, 50 ppb for fruit juice for adults and 25 ppb in fruit-derived products. In this work, a rapid and selective method based on magnetic molecularly imprinted stir-bar (MMISB) extraction has been developed for the isolation of patulin, using 2-oxindole as a dummy template. The final extraction protocol consisted of simply pouring in, stirring and pouring out samples and solvents from a beaker with the MMISB acting inside. The magnetic device provided satisfactory recoveries of patulin (60%–70%) in apple samples. The successful MMISB approach has been combined with high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to determine patulin.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are low-molecular-weight natural products, very diverse in terms of structure and abilities, produced as secondary metabolites by fungi
Penicillium expansum is recognized as the main source of PAT and it has been commonly associated with apple rot [1]
The official analytical method adopted by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) International is high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV
Summary
Mycotoxins are low-molecular-weight natural products, very diverse in terms of structure and abilities, produced as secondary metabolites by fungi. Penicillium expansum is recognized as the main source of PAT and it has been commonly associated with apple rot [1] These molds grow in damaged fruit or in derived products such as juices, if storage conditions are deficient. Some of the most serious health effects of PAT ingestion in humans are agitation, convulsions, edema, intestinal ulceration, inflammation and vomiting [2]. The toxicity of these molecules has led to the set-up of strict regulations in many countries for their control in food and feed, and the consequent establishment of official legislation. The European Commission Regulation (EC) 1881/2006 established a maximum content for PAT of 10 ppb in infant fruit juices, 50 ppb for fruit juices for adults and 25 ppb in fruit-derived products [3]
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