Abstract
High repetition-rate X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enable the study of fast dynamics on microsecond time scales. Split-delay lines (SDLs) further bring the time scale down to femtoseconds by splitting and delaying the XFEL pulses. Crystals and multilayers are two common types of optical elements in SDLs, offering either long delay ranges or high temporal accuracy. In this work, we introduce the design of a hybrid SDL for the coherent diffraction endstation of Shanghai High Repetition Rate XFEL and Extreme Light Facility (SHINE). It uses crystals for the first branch and multilayers for the second one, thus simultaneously offering a relatively long delay range and high temporal accuracy. Moreover, a third branch can be installed to switch the SDL to the all-crystal configuration for longer delay ranges.
Highlights
Hard X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) provide ultra-short, ultra-bright, and highly coherent X-ray pulses in the hard X-ray regime [1]
High repetition-rate facilities such as the European XFEL enable the study of fast dynamics on microsecond time scales [2]
After beam merger (BM), the sub-pulses travel either via the branch composed of 4 silicon crystals (C1–C4) or the second branch composed of two mulfirst branch composed of 4 silicon crystals (C1–C4) or the second branch composed of two tilayers (M1–M2)
Summary
Hard X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) provide ultra-short, ultra-bright, and highly coherent X-ray pulses in the hard X-ray regime [1]. High repetition-rate facilities such as the European XFEL enable the study of fast dynamics on microsecond time scales [2]. Split-delay lines (SDLs) can further bring the time scale down to femtoseconds by splitting and delaying the XFEL pulses [3]. Crystal-based SDLs offer up-tonanosecond delay ranges [8,9], but relatively low accuracy. SDLs offer sub-femtosecond temporal accuracy but limited delay ranges [10]. An SDL system is required to probe sub-microsecond dynamics using methods such as split-delay XPCS [3] and sequential imaging [12]. SDL, which uses crystals for the first branch and multilayers for the second, featuring. We report the design of a hybrid. SDL, which uses crystals for the first branch and multilayers for the second, featuring a range and high accuracy simultaneously. Thanks to the poarelatively relativelylong longdelay delay range and high accuracy simultaneously.
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