Abstract
This paper presents microgrid-distributed energy resources (DERs) for a rural standalone system. It is made up of a solar photovoltaic (solar PV) system, battery energy storage system (BESS), and a wind turbine coupled to a permanent magnet synchronous generator (WT-PMSG). The DERs are controlled by maximum power point tracking (MPPT)-based proportional integral (PI) controllers for both maximum power tracking and error feedback compensation. The MPPT uses the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm for tracking the maximum power point of the DERs. The PI gains are tuned using the Ziegler–Nichols method. The developed system was built and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink under two conditions—constant load, and step-load changes. The controllers enabled the BESS to charge even during conditions of varying load and other environmental factors such as change of irradiance and wind speed. The reference was tracked extremely well by the output voltage of the DC microgrid. This is useful research for electrifying the rural islanded areas which are too far from the grid.
Highlights
Recent research has shown that in Tanzania, the access to electricity is limited to 35.6%of the total 56.32 million population as of 2018 [1]
Thereafter, this paper proposes a proportional integral (PI) which performs additional corrective measures on the error generated from interaction between maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and the PI
This paper set out to design a distributed energy resources (DERs) standalone microgrid that feeds DC loads. It has discussed the modeling of the solar PV, WT-permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), and the DC/DC boost converters which couple these DERs to the DC microgrid
Summary
Recent research has shown that in Tanzania, the access to electricity is limited to 35.6%of the total 56.32 million population as of 2018 [1]. These systems, such as solar home systems (SHS) and micro- and mini-solar plants, are increasingly being used as sources of electric energy in rural areas worldwide and in Tanzania They are designed for use at the demand of small households, usually in power ranging by few kilowatts, thereby causing limitations for enterprise and other potentially larger users of electricity within rural areas. If these hybrid RES are deployed in villages or remote locations, they result to least net present cost and reduced emission of carbon dioxide [3,4] by paying extra attention to their optimal sizing design as was carried out in Palestine [5]. These microgrids can be highly efficient in delivering energy to local loads [6]
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